編年史 第 1 章 第 1/4 段

Preface. After the wonderful work which Eusebius of Caesarea published in Greek style — recording the origin of this age, the times, the years, the kingdoms, and the virtues of mortals, and the inventors of various arts, and the monuments of almost all the provinces, from the framing of the world down to the emperor Constantine — our Jerome translated the whole into Latin, and added in Roman eloquence down to Caesar Valens. Therefore each author of this work, with marvellous ingenuity, then reckoned this world to be four thousand five hundred and seventy-nine years old.

But I, following only the Eastern empire with a simple reckoning, counting through the indictions and through the consuls written below, one hundred and forty years — namely from the seventh indiction and from the consulship of Ausonius and Olybrius (in whose consulship also Theodosius the Great was made emperor) — and gathering up as far as the consulship of Magnus of the eleventh indiction, I appended to the work of those same authors; and likewise another sixteen years, from the first consulship of Justin Augustus down to the fourth consulship of Justinian Augustus, I added: that is together one hundred and fifty-six years, and I have set down my rustic work. HERE BEGINS THE CHRONICLE. (A.D. 379.) In the seventh indiction, Ausonius and Olybrius being consuls.

Theodosius, a Spaniard, of the city of the divine Trajan in Italica, was created emperor by Gratian Augustus at Sirmium, on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of February, the thirty-ninth day after the death of Valens, to rule the Eastern commonwealth only — a man exceedingly religious and a propagator of the Catholic Church, to be set above all the Eastern princes, save that he had Marcian, the third prince after him, as his imitator. He conquered the Alans, the Huns, the Goths, and the Scythian peoples in great and many battles. (A.D. 380.) In the eighth indiction, Gratian Augustus for the fifth time and Theodosius Augustus being consuls.

Gregory of Nazianzus, a most eloquent priest of Christ and the teacher of our Jerome, when our church at Byzantium had been seized by the Arians, kept the Catholic people together by daily Catholic address in the oratory of blessed Anastasia. For he was often assailed by the revilings of the wicked; but, endowed with the grace of Christ, he withstood the faithless Arians up to that time when, by his presence, that same church was restored to our people. For in these consulships, Theodosius the Great, after he had triumphed over the Scythian peoples, having immediately expelled the Arians from the church of the orthodox — who had held it for nearly forty years under the Arian emperors — restored it to our Catholics; the orthodox emperor did so in the month of December. (A.D. 381.) Indiction.

In the ninth indiction, Eucherius and Evagrius (perhaps Syagrius) being consuls. When the one hundred and fifty holy Fathers had been gathered in the imperial city against Macedonius, who was making shipwreck concerning the Holy Spirit, by those same bishops the holy synod was confirmed: Damasus, namely, holding the see of blessed Peter; but at Constantinople, through Timothy of Alexandria, and through Meletius of Antioch and Cyril of Jerusalem the bishops, Nectarius, baptized straightway from a pagan and ordained pontiff in the aforesaid synod. Athanaric, king of the Goths, with whom the emperor Theodosius had made a treaty, came to Constantinople in the month of January, and in the same month perished of disease. (A.D. 382.) In the tenth indiction, Antonius and Syagrius being consuls. The body of the divine Valentinian the Great.

His body was brought back from Italy by the emperor Theodosius and buried in a tomb at the Comitatus quarter. In the same year the whole nation of the Goths, upon the death of their king Athanaric, surrendered itself to the Roman empire in the month of October. Damasus, the thirty-fifth bishop of the Roman Church (not counting Liberius and Felix), fell asleep in the Lord in the eighteenth year of his pontificate. (A.D. 383.) Indiction 11, in the consulship of Merobaudes (for the second time) and Saturninus. Siricius was made the thirty-sixth bishop of the Roman Church; he lived for fifteen years. Arcadius was crowned colleague in empire with his father Theodosius Augustus at the seventh milestone from the City. The emperor Gratian was killed at Lyon through the treachery of the usurper Maximus, on the eighth day before the Kalends of September. (A.D. 384.) Indiction 12, in the consulship of Richomeres and Clearchus.

Ambassadors of the Persians came to Constantinople, asking for peace from the emperor Theodosius. At the same time another son, Honorius, was born to Theodosius, in the month of September. (A.D. 385.) Indiction 13, in the consulship of Arcadius and Bauto. The emperor Theodosius, through his envoys, subjected a number of Eastern nations to his rule. (A.D. 386.) Indiction 14, in the consulship of Honorius Caesar and Euodius. The emperor Theodosius recovered Thrace, which had been invaded by enemies, and as victor entered the City together with his son Arcadius. Galla, the second wife of king Theodosius, came to Constantinople in this consulship. (A.D. 387.) Indiction 15, in the consulship of Valentinian (for the third time) and Eutropius.

Arcadius Caesar celebrated his five-year anniversary together with his father Theodosius. Theodosius the Great set out to do battle against the usurper Maximus in Italy. (A.D. 388.) Indiction 1, in the consulship of Theodosius Augustus (for the second time) and Cynegius. Valentinian, brother of Gratian, and the emperor Theodosius defeated the usurper Maximus and his son Victor, who were in rebellion, at Aquileia. The count Andragathius, upon learning of the death of Maximus, threw himself headlong from his ship into the waves and was drowned. (A.D. 389.) Indiction 2, in the consulship of Timasius and Promotus. The emperor Theodosius entered Rome in the month of June together with his son Honorius, distributed a largess to the Roman people, and left the City on the Kalends of September.

About the same time crackling hail fell for two days on end instead of rain, destroying flocks and trees. A star rising in the north at cockcrow appeared, burning rather than shining after the manner of the morning star, and ceased to be on the twenty-third day. The temple of Serapis at Alexandria was demolished by an edict of the emperor Theodosius. (A.D. 390.) Indiction 3, in the consulship of Valentinian Augustus (for the fourth time) and Neoterius. A sign appeared in the sky like a column hanging and burning, for thirty days. Galla, wife of Theodosius, was driven out by her stepson Arcadius. An obelisk was set up in the circus; a column was erected not far from the church, which to this day is beheld bearing a silver statue of Theodosius the Great. (A.D. 391.) Indiction.

4, in the consulship of Tatian and Symmachus. The emperor Theodosius, leaving Italy, returned to Constantinople. The emperor Valentinian was treacherously strangled to death at Vienne through the plot of Arbogast, on the Ides of March. Eugenius, trusting in the favour of Arbogast, usurped the empire for himself. (A.D. 392.) Indiction 5, in the consulship of Arcadius (for the second time) and Rufinus. Arbogast, after the emperor Valentinian had been killed and Eugenius had been made Caesar, drew together countless and invincible forces from all sides into the Gauls, intending to claim the Western empire for himself—a barbarian man, excessive in spirit, in counsel, in hand, in audacity, and in power. He gathered from every quarter countless forces, supported partly by garrisons of the Romans, partly by auxiliaries of the barbarians, here by his authority, there by kinship.

Up to this nineteenth year of the reign of Theodosius, the blessed Jerome, beginning from the apostle Peter and ending with himself, recorded the ecclesiastical writings of a hundred and thirty-five illustrious men, after the ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ. He lived in the town of Bethlehem, where he both founded a monastery for himself and, instructed also in Hebrew letters, wrote many other ecclesiastical works; and he came to the end of his life when very old, and was buried there—to the Catholics indeed an impregnable tower of the Church, but to all heretics a tireless enemy, contending both by the purpose of his own life and by the affirmations of the books he published. (A.D. 393.) Indiction 6, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the third time) and Abundantius.

His father Theodosius made Honorius Caesar in the same place where he had made his brother Arcadius, that is, at the seventh milestone from the royal city. At that time, indeed, at the third hour of the day, darkness fell. (A.D. 394.) Indiction 7, in the consulship of Arcadius (for the third time) and Honorius (for the second time). Theodosius Augustus, having taken Honorius as Caesar—his own son—hastened once more against Arbogast, who had dared to make the usurper Eugenius emperor. When battle was joined, Eugenius was defeated, captured, and slain; Arbogast struck himself down with his own hand. An earthquake threatened continuously from the month of September into November, and a number of regions of Europe were shaken. The Baths of Arcadius received their name from the name of their founder. (A.D. 395.) Indiction.

8, in the consulship of Olybrius and Probinus. Theodosius the Great departed this life at Milan. He reigned for seventeen years. His body was brought to Constantinople in the same year and buried. Arcadius and Honorius, the two brothers, began to hold the two halves of the empire, with only their seats divided. The patrician Rufinus, plotting against the emperor Arcadius, secretly sending him money, made Alaric king of the Goths hostile to the commonwealth and sent him into Greece. But when his plot was discovered, Rufinus was deservedly slain by the Italian soldiers who had once been sent to Arcadius with the count Gainas, before the gates of the city. His head and his right hand were displayed throughout all Constantinople. (A.D. 396.) Indiction 9, in the consulship of Arcadius (for the fourth time) and Honorius (for the third time).

The wife and daughter of Rufinus went into exile. Eutropius, chamberlain of the sacred palace, seized all his wealth and surpassed all bounds of avarice. There was an earthquake for very many days, and the sky was seen to burn. (A.D. 397.) Indiction 10, in the consulship of Caesarius and Atticus. In this consulship Flaccilla, a daughter, was born to Arcadius. (A.D. 398.) Indiction 11, in the consulship of Honorius (for the fourth time) and Eutychianus. Anastasius, the thirty-seventh bishop of the Roman Church, was ordained and lived four years. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, a citadel of the faith, a Catholic orator endowed with virtues, departed to Christ the Lord. John, born at Antioch, ordained there as lector of the church by Meletius, bishop and confessor of that same city, rose through each grade of office.

There, throughout five continuous years, as deacon he published many and divine books; made presbyter also, he composed yet more over the course of several years. Thereafter, deservedly spread abroad everywhere by so great a reputation, he was appointed bishop at Constantinople in the place of Nectarius. There he added very many sweet volumes of the divine Scriptures to his Catholic work, and he had these bishops as enemies: Theophilus of Alexandria, Epiphanius of Cyprus, Acacius of Beroea, Antiochus of Ptolemais, Severian of Gabala, and Severus of Chalcedon.

Gildo, a count and likewise a pagan, who after the death of the emperor Theodosius was governing Africa, while Arcadius and Honorius were still children reigning, grew envious of them and strove to gain Africa for himself. His brother Mascezel, having learned of his madness, left his two sons in Africa and returned to Italy: Gildo treacherously slew both his brother's sons. Mascezel, on learning of his brother's crime, advanced as an enemy against Gildo with five thousand of his men, against Gildo who was coming to meet him with seventy thousand armed men, and—aided by his own fastings and prayers, indeed by the warning of the blessed Ambrose in dreams—he put the parricide Gildo to flight. Gildo, fleeing, strangled himself with his own hand;

and thus Mascezel earned a victory without war, and vengeance without slaughter. (A.D. 399.) Indiction 12, in the consulship of Theodorus and the eunuch Eutropius. This Eutropius was the first and last consul of all eunuchs, of whom the poet Claudian wrote: 'All monstrous portents have yielded, now a eunuch is consul.' Pulcheria, a second daughter, was born to Arcadius. The count Gainas at Constantinople secretly incited his barbarians to prepare for civil war; he himself, feigning ill health, left the city. When battle was begun against the Byzantines, very many of the enemy fell; the rest, fleeing, took refuge in our church, and there, when the roof of the church had been uncovered and stones cast down from above, they were crushed. (A.D. 400.) Indiction 13, in the consulship of Stilicho and Aurelian.

A naval battle was waged against the usurper Gainas between the Chersonese and the Hellespont: many thousands of Goths were slain or drowned. The count Gainas escaped by flight from this battle; yet in that same year he was killed, in the month of February (perhaps December). (A.D. 401.) Indiction 14, in the consulship of Vincentius and Fravitta. The head of Gainas, fixed on a spear, was brought to Constantinople. The surface of the Pontic Sea was so bound by frost that, for thirty days, the ice when at length loosened was carried up over the Propontis like mountains and went rushing down. Theodosius the younger was born to his father Arcadius on the third day before the Ides of April. (A.D. 402.) Indiction 15, in the consulship of Arcadius (for the fifth time) and Honorius (for the fifth time).

Innocent was made the thirty-eighth bishop of the Roman Church; he lived fifteen years. Theodosius the younger was made Caesar in the place where his father and uncle had been. There was a great earthquake at Constantinople. (A.D. 403.) Indiction 1, in the consulship of Theodosius the younger and Rumoridus. Marina was born to her father Arcadius on the third day before the Ides of February. A silver statue of Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, set upon a porphyry column beside the church, stands there to this day. John, bishop of the city of Constantinople, against whom the six aforementioned bishops had been vainly hostile and had brought over thirty other bishops to their side, they sent into exile—against the will of the emperor Arcadius—to the town of Cucusus in Armenia.

And after one year they relegated him from that exile into a further exile, to the estate which is called Comana in the region of Pontus. When he died there, the religious orthodox populace—warned in dreams by the holy Basiliscus, bishop and likewise martyr—buried him in the courtyard of that same martyr, in a new tomb found shortly before. (A.D. 404.) Indiction 2, in the consulship of Honorius (for the sixth time) and Aristaenetus. A flame of fire, which had arisen from the throne of the blessed John, formerly bishop, suddenly consumed the church of Constantinople, and creeping on it nonetheless burned up the neighbouring portion of the city's face. Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, met her day. (A.D. 405.) Indiction 3, in the consulship of Stilicho (for the second time) and Anthemius.

The Isaurians, running riot through Mount Taurus, brought great loss upon the commonwealth; to whom the envoy Narbazaicus straightway repaid a greater injury. (A.D. 406.) Indiction 4, in the consulship of Arcadius (for the sixth time) and Probus. Theodosius the younger held his five-year celebration. Radagaisus, a pagan and a Scythian, with two hundred thousand of his men, flooded over all of Italy. Uldin and Sarus, kings of the Huns and Goths, straightway overcame Radagaisus, cutting off his head and selling his captives at one gold piece each. (A.D. 407.) Indiction 5, in the consulship of Honorius (for the seventh time) and Theodosius the younger (for the second time). A very great cistern was built beside the porphyry column of the emperor Constantine in his forum, under the passage of the street. (A.D.

408.) Indiction 6, in the consulship of Bassus and Philippus. The count Stilicho, whose two daughters Maria and Thermantia had each been wives of the emperor Honorius—both, however, dying virgins—scorning Honorius and gaping after his kingdom, stirred up against the realm of Honorius the nations of the Alans, Sueves, and Vandals, enticed by gifts and money, desiring to make his own son Eucherius—a pagan, who was contriving plots against Christians—Caesar. He was killed together with that same Eucherius, his plot having been uncovered. At Rome in the Forum of Peace the earth gave forth a bellowing for seven days. The emperor Arcadius came to the end of his life: he reigned thirteen years after the death of his father Theodosius. (A.D. 409.) Indiction 7, in the consulship of Honorius (for the eighth time) and Theodosius the younger (for the third time).

At Constantinople a great sedition of the people flared up, namely because a scarcity of bread had fallen upon them. (A.D. 410.) Indiction 8, with Varanes as sole consul. Alaric invaded the trembling city of Rome, burned part of it with fire, and on the sixth day after he had entered it, left the plundered city, carrying off Placidia, sister of the emperor Honorius, whom afterwards he gave in marriage to his kinsman Athaulf. (A.D. 411.) Indiction 9, in the consulship of Honorius (for the ninth time) and Theodosius (for the fourth time). Theodosius the younger gave his ten-year celebration; Honorius gave his twenty-year celebration at Rome. Constantine usurped the empire in the Gauls and made his own son, drawn from a monk, Caesar; he himself is killed at the city of Arles; his son Constans is beheaded at Vienne. (A.D.

412.) Indiction 10, with the emperor Theodosius (for the fifth time) as sole consul. Jovinus and Sebastianus, contriving a usurpation in the Gauls, were killed. Attalus, captured at sea and presented to Honorius, was left his life with his hand cut off. (A.D. 413.) Indiction 11, with Lucius as sole consul. Heraclian, count of Africa, advancing towards the City with seven hundred ships and three thousand soldiers, soon disembarked toward the city of Rome; terrified at the encounter with the count Marinus and turned to flight, he seized a ship and returned alone to Carthage, where he was at once killed. (A.D. 414.) Indiction 12, in the consulship of Constantine and Constans. Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius, was called Augusta.

Wallia, king of the Goths, having made peace with the emperor Honorius, restored to him his sister Placidia, then a widow. (A.D. 415.) Indiction 13, in the consulship of Honorius (for the tenth time) and Theodosius (for the sixth time). The church of Constantinople, formerly consumed by fire, was in this consulship restored and dedicated, Atticus being bishop governing that same church. Lucianus, a presbyter and a holy man, to whom in this consulship God revealed the place of the tomb and of the relics of the body of the holy Stephen, the first martyr, wrote out that revelation itself in the Greek tongue for the people of all the churches. (A.D. 416.) Indiction 14, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the seventh time) and Palladius. Orosius, a presbyter of Spanish stock, wrote seven books of Histories.

This same Orosius, sent by bishop Augustine to the presbyter Jerome to learn the doctrine of the soul, was the first to bring to the West, on his return, the relics of the blessed Stephen then but newly discovered. Atticus, bishop of Constantinople, wrote to the queens, daughters of the emperor Arcadius, a book On Faith and Virginity, exceedingly excellent, in which, anticipating the Nestorian doctrine, he attacks it. (A.D. 417.) Indiction 15, in the consulship of Honorius (for the eleventh time) and Constantius (for the second time). Darkness fell by day. Cybera, a city of Asia, and a number of estates were swallowed by an earthquake. Zosimus was ordained the thirty-ninth bishop of the Roman Church; he lived three years. (A.D. 418.) Indiction 1, in the consulship of Honorius (for the twelfth time) and Theodosius (for the eighth time).

The count Plinta, likewise the instigator of the rebels in the province of Palestine, was destroyed. An eclipse of the sun took place. A star, rising in the East and burning, appeared for seven months. (A.D. 419.) Indiction 2, in the consulship of Monaxius and Plinta. Valentinian the younger was born at Ravenna of his father Constantius and his mother Placidia, on the fifth day before the Nones of July. Many cities and villages of Palestine collapsed in an earthquake. Our Lord Jesus Christ, ever present everywhere, manifested himself from a cloud upon Mount Olivet near Jerusalem.

Then many peoples of both sexes, of the neighbouring nations, terrified and made believing both by what they saw and by what they heard, were washed in the holy font of Christ; and on the tunics of all the baptized the cross of Christ the Saviour, by the nod of the Godhead, was forthwith imprinted and shone forth. (A.D. 420.) Indiction 3, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the ninth time) and Constantius (for the third time). Boniface was ordained the fortieth bishop of the Roman Church; he lived three years. In the East the soldiers stirred up a tumult and slew their own leader, Maximinus by name. In Persia a persecution raged fiercely against the Christians. (A.D. 421.) Indiction 4, in the consulship of Eustathius and Agricola. The emperor Theodosius took Eudoxia, an Achaean woman, as his wife.

This same Theodosius dedicated in his father Arcadius's forum, upon a huge column, a vast statue. The Cistern of Aetius was built. The Romans clashed with the Persians. (A.D. 422.) Indiction 5, in the consulship of Honorius (for the thirteenth time) and Theodosius (for the tenth time). The emperor Theodosius begot a daughter, Eudoxia. At the thirty-year celebration of Honorius, the usurpers Maximus and Jovinus, vanquished by the sword, were brought from the Spains and put to death. The Huns laid waste Thrace. The Persians made peace with the Romans. (A.D. 423.) Indiction 6, in the consulship of Asclepiodotus and Marinianus. Celestine was created the forty-first bishop of the Roman Church; he lived nine years. Evagrius wrote the Dispute of the Jew Simon and the Christian Theophilus, which is known to almost everyone.

There were earthquakes in many places, and a famine of crops followed. The philosophers Philippus and Sallustius perished of disease. A star, often burning and comet-like, appeared. The emperor Honorius fulfilled his fated end. (A.D. 424.) Indiction 7, in the consulship of Victor and Castinus. Placidia, mother of Valentinian, was proclaimed Augusta. Valentinian, made Caesar, betrothed to himself Eudoxia, daughter of the emperor Theodosius. John, on the death of Honorius, seized the Western kingdom. (A.D. 425.) Indiction 8, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the eleventh time) and Valentinian Caesar. The aforesaid John was slain rather by the treachery of Ardabur and Aspar than by valour. Valentinian the younger was made emperor at Ravenna. (A.D. 426.) Indiction 9, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the twelfth time) and Valentinian (for the second time).

Sisinnius, a man of holy simplicity and of simple holiness, was made bishop of Constantinople. (A.D. 427.) Indiction 10, in the consulship of Hierius and Ardabur. The Pannonias, which had been held by the Huns for fifty years, were recovered by the Romans. The Baths of Theodosius were dedicated. (A.D. 428.) Indiction 11, in the consulship of Felix and Taurus. Nestorius, born at Antioch, a man indeed of considerable eloquence but of little wisdom, with the Constantinopolitans much striving for it, was ordained bishop from being a presbyter. The memory of the most blessed bishop John, long before exiled through the malice of evil bishops, began to be celebrated at the court, on the twenty-sixth day of the month of September. (A.D.

429.) Indiction 12, in the consulship of Florentius and Dionysius. Our orthodox took away the church of the Macedonians situated outside the walls of the city, because those same Macedonians had killed Antoninus, the Catholic bishop of Germe. The most blessed Augustine, most elegant priest of Christ of the Church of Hippo and a foremost teacher, rested in a peaceful death. (A.D. 430.) Indiction 13, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the thirteenth time) and Valentinian (for the third time). The emperor Theodosius held his thirty-year celebration. Felix was killed at Ravenna. Celestine, pontiff of the Roman citadel, by his own letter—granting him a respite of ten days—announces to Nestorius, bishop of depravity, either pardon if he repents, or condemnation if he dissents.

This same Nestorius, the faithless bishop of the Church of Constantinople, from whom also the Nestorian faithlessness sprang up, was condemned at Ephesus by the sentence of two hundred holy Fathers in synod, Celestine appointing Cyril, bishop of the city of Alexandria, as his vicar for the time. In the place of Nestorius the bishop Maximian was substituted. (A.D. 431.) Indiction 14, in the consulship of Antiochus and Bassus. Flaccilla, daughter of Theodosius Augustus, poured forth her last breath. Barbarians reared in the imperial city flocked to our church in hostile manner; while they cast fire into the church to burn the altar, by God's resistance they slew one another in turn.

At this time, while Theodosius was holding a procession to the public granaries, a scarcity of wheat pressing hard upon the people, the emperor was assailed with stones by the famished populace. (A.D. 432.) Indiction 15, in the consulship of Valerius and Aetius. Xystus was ordained the forty-second bishop of the Roman Church; he lived eight years. At the prompting of Placidia, mother of the emperor Valentinian, a great war was waged between the patricians Boniface and Aetius. Aetius, with a longer weapon prepared for himself the day before, wounded Boniface as he engaged, while himself remaining unhurt; and in the third month Boniface died of the wound by which he had been injured, exhorting his very wealthy wife Pelagia to marry no other than Aetius. (A.D. 433.) Indiction 1, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the fourteenth time) and Maximus.

The greater, northern part of the royal city was burned for three days on end and collapsed, in the month of August. (A.D. 434.) Indiction 2, in the consulship of Areobindus and Aspar. Honoria, sister of the emperor Valentinian, defiled by her procurator Eugenius, conceived, and being expelled from the palace and sent from Italy to the emperor Theodosius, was inciting Attila against the Western commonwealth. (A.D. 435.) Indiction 3, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the fifteenth time) and Valentinian (for the fourth time). The Forum of the emperor Theodosius was built in the place which is called Helianae. Sebastianus, son-in-law of the former patrician Boniface, fled the imperial city and was killed in Africa. (A.D. 436.) Indiction 4, in the consulship of Isidore and Senator.

The emperor Theodosius made for the city of Cyzicus by ship, and having bestowed much munificence upon that city, sailed back to the imperial city. (A.D. 437.) Indiction 5, in the consulship of Aetius (for the second time) and Sigisvuldus. The emperor Valentinian, having departed from Rome to join to himself in marriage Eudoxia, daughter of the emperor Theodosius, whom he had long before betrothed, came to Constantinople; and she having been married to him, while making for Italy again, he wintered at Thessalonica. (A.D. 438.) Indiction 6, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the sixteenth time) and Faustus. The robber Contradis, with his pirates and companions, was captured and killed. The relics of the most blessed John, formerly bishop of the imperial city, were restored to that same city and buried there, on the twenty-seventh day of the month of January.

The emperor Valentinian entered Ravenna with his wife Eudoxia. (A.D. 439.) Indiction 7, in the consulship of Theodosius (for the seventeenth time) and Festus. The emperor Theodosius held his eighth five-year celebration. Eudoxia, wife of the emperor Theodosius, returned to the royal city from Jerusalem, bringing with her the relics of the most blessed Stephen, the first martyr, which are venerated, placed in the basilica of Saint Lawrence. At this time Geiseric, king of the Vandals, occupied the cities of Africa and Carthage the metropolis with his followers, on the tenth day before the Kalends of November. (A.D. 440.) Indiction 8, in the consulship of Valentinian (for the fifth time) and Anatolius. Paulinus, master of the offices, was put to death at Caesarea in Cappadocia by command of the emperor Theodosius. Leo was created the forty-third pope of the Roman Church; he lived twenty-one years.