THE BOOK OF THE POPES (Late 6th century A.D.?). To the most blessed Pope Damasus, from Jerome. Our humble self entreats the glory of your sanctity, that according to the apostolic see which we have learned is governed through your holiness, we pray this, bowed down: that you would deign to recount to us in order of peace the acts of the deeds done from the primacy of the blessed apostle Peter down to your own times — what things were done in your see; so that our humble self may come to know who merited to be crowned with the martyrdom of the bishops of the aforesaid holy see, or who is known to have transgressed against the canons of the apostles. Pray for us, most blessed Pope. Damasus, bishop of the city of Rome, to Jerome the presbyter.
The Church rejoices, now satisfied from your fountain, and the inquisitiveness of the priestly ages thirsts the more, that what is worthy may be known and what is unworthy may be rejected. Yet what was done, what we were able to find, the zeal of our see has joyfully directed to your charity. Pray for us at the holy Resurrection, brother and fellow-presbyter. Farewell in Christ God our Lord. Given on the tenth day before the Kalends of June; received on the sixth day before the Kalends of October; sent from Rome to Jerusalem. 1. The blessed Peter, apostle and chief of the apostles, an Antiochene, son of John, of the province of Galilee, of the town of Bethsaida, brother of Andrew, first occupied the chair of the episcopate in Antioch for seven years.
This Peter, having entered into the city of Rome under Nero Caesar, there occupied the chair of the episcopate for twenty-five years, two months, and three days. He lived in the times of Tiberius Caesar, and of Gaius, and of Tiberius Claudius, and of Nero. 2. He wrote two epistles, which are called catholic, and the Gospel of Mark, because Mark was his hearer and his son by baptism; afterwards, the whole fountain of the four gospels, which were confirmed at his questioning and by his testimony — that is, Peter's — for while one agrees in Greek, another in Hebrew, another in Latin, yet they were confirmed by his testimony. 3. He ordained two bishops, Linus and Cletus, who in person were to render all priestly ministry to the people in the city of Rome and to those coming thither;
but the blessed Peter himself gave his leisure to prayer and preaching, instructing the people. 4. He held many disputations with Simon Magus, both before Nero the emperor and before the people; so that those whom blessed Peter gathered to the faith of Christ, Simon by his magic arts and deceptions sought to separate. And when they had contended for a long while, Simon was destroyed by the divine will. 5. He consecrated the blessed Clement as bishop, and committed to him the chair and the whole ordering of the church, saying: «
Just as the power of binding and loosing has been handed down to me for governing by my Lord Jesus Christ, so I also commit to you that, by ordaining administrators of the various causes through whom the ecclesiastical action may be carried out, you may by no means be found given over to the cares of the world; but study to give yourself solely to prayer and to preaching to the people. » 6. After this arrangement he is crowned with martyrdom together with Paul, in the thirty-eighth year after the Lord's passion. He was buried on the Aurelian Way, in the temple of Apollo, near the place where he was crucified, near the Neronian palace, in the Vatican, near the Triumphal territory, on the third day before the Kalends of July. He held ordinations in the month of December: three bishops, ten presbyters, seven deacons.
1. Linus, by nation an Italian, of the region of Tuscia, whose father was Herculanus, sat for eleven years, three months, and twelve days. He lived in the times of Nero, from the consulship of Saturninus and Scipio (56) up to the consulship of Capito and Rufus (67). He is crowned with martyrdom. 2. By the precept of blessed Peter he established that a woman should enter the church with her head veiled. He held two ordinations: fifteen bishops, eighteen presbyters. He was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the ninth day before the Kalends of October. 1. Cletus, by nation a Roman, of the region of the Patrician Quarter, whose father was Aemilianus, sat for twelve years, one month, and eleven days. He lived in the times of Vespasian and Titus, from the consulship of Vespasian (his seventh) and Domitian (his fifth) (77) up to the consulship of Domitian (his ninth) and Rufus (83).
He is crowned with martyrdom. 2. By the precept of blessed Peter he ordained twenty-five presbyters in the city of Rome. He too was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the sixth day before the Kalends of May. And the episcopate was vacant for twenty days. 1. Clement, by nation a Roman, of the region of the Caelian Hill, whose father was Faustinus, sat for nine years, two months, and ten days. He lived in the times of Galba and Vespasian, from the consulship of Tragalus and Italicus (68) up to that of Vespasian (his ninth) and Titus (76). While he was writing many books out of zeal for the Christian faith and religion, he is crowned with martyrdom. 2. He established seven regions; he divided them among faithful notaries of the church, who should carefully and diligently search out the deeds of the martyrs, each one throughout his own region.
3. He wrote two epistles which are called catholic. By the precept of blessed Peter he received the pontificate of governing the church, just as the chair had been handed down and committed to him by the Lord Jesus Christ; yet in the epistle which was written to James you will find how the church was committed to him by blessed Peter. Therefore Linus and Cletus are recorded before him, because they were ordained bishops by the very chief of the apostles for the rendering of priestly ministry. 4. He held two ordinations in the month of December: ten presbyters, two deacons; and fifteen bishops in various places. He died a martyr in the third year of Trajan. He too was buried in Greece on the eighth day before the Kalends of December. And the episcopate was vacant for twenty-one days.
1. Anacletus, by nation a Greek, of Athens, whose father was Antiochus, sat for nine years, two months, and ten days. He lived in the times of Domitian, from the consulship of Domitian (his tenth) and Sabinus (84) up to that of Domitian (his seventeenth) and Clement (95). 2. He built and arranged a memorial of blessed Peter, since he had been made a presbyter by blessed Peter, and other places where bishops might be laid in burial; where he too was buried, beside the body of blessed Peter, on the third day before the Ides of July. 3. He held two ordinations in the month of December: five presbyters, three deacons; bishops in various places to the number of six. And the episcopate was vacant for thirteen days. 1. Evaristus, by nation a Greek, whose father was a Jew named Judas, of the city of Bethlehem, sat for nine years, ten months, and two days.
He lived in the times of Domitian and of Nerva Trajan, from the consulship of Valens and Vetus (96) up to that of Gallus and Bradua (108). He is crowned with martyrdom. 2. He divided the title-churches in the city of Rome among the presbyters, and ordained seven deacons who should guard the bishop while he preached, for the sake of the truth of his discourse. 3. He held three ordinations in the month of December: seventeen presbyters, two deacons; bishops in various places, fifteen. He too was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the sixth day before the Kalends of November. And the episcopate was vacant for nineteen days. 1. Alexander, by nation a Roman, whose father was Alexander, of the region of the Bull's Head, sat for ten years, seven months, and two days. He lived in the times of Trajan, up to the consulship of Aelianus and Vetus (116).
2. He mingled the passion of the Lord in the preaching of the priests, when masses are celebrated. He is crowned with martyrdom, and with him Eventius the presbyter and Theodulus the deacon. He appointed that the water of sprinkling be blessed with salt in the dwellings of men. 3. He held three ordinations in the month of December: six presbyters, two deacons; bishops in various places to the number of five. He too was buried on the Nomentan Way, where he was beheaded, not far from the city of Rome, at the seventh milestone, on the fifth day before the Nones of May. And the episcopate was vacant for thirty-five days. 1. Xystus, by nation a Roman, whose father was Pastor, of the region of the Broad Way, sat for ten years, two months, and one day. He lived in the times of Hadrian, up to the consulship of Verus and Ambibulus (126). He is crowned with martyrdom.
2. He appointed that the sacred vessels should not be touched except by the ministers. He appointed that whatever bishop had been summoned to the apostolic see, on returning to his parish should not be received unless with letters of the apostolic see, of greeting to the people — which is called a formata (letter of credence). 3. He held three ordinations in the month of December: eleven presbyters, four deacons; bishops in various places to the number of four. He too was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the third day before the Nones of April. And the episcopate was vacant for two months. He appointed that within the canon the priest, beginning, should chant the hymn to the people: « Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Hosts », and the rest.
1. Telesphorus, by nation a Greek, formerly an anchorite, sat for eleven years, three months, and twenty-one days. He lived in the times of Antoninus and Marcus. 2. He appointed that for seven weeks before Easter a fast should be celebrated, and that on the Lord's nativity masses should be celebrated at night: for at every other time, no one should presume to celebrate masses before the course of the third hour, the hour at which our Lord ascended the cross; and that before the sacrifice the angelic hymn should be said, that is: « Glory to God in the highest ». He is crowned with martyrdom. 3. He indeed was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the fourth day before the Nones of January. He held four ordinations in the month of December: twelve presbyters, eight deacons; bishops in various places, thirteen.
And the episcopate was vacant for seven days. 1. Hyginus, by nation a Greek, formerly a philosopher, of Athens, whose genealogy I have not found, sat for four years, three months, and four days. He lived in the times of Verus and Marcus, from the consulship of Magnus and Camerinus (138) up to that of Orfitus and Priscus (149). 2. He arranged the clergy and distributed the grades. He held three ordinations in the month of December: fifteen presbyters, five deacons; bishops in various places, six. He too was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the third day before the Ides of January. And the episcopate was vacant for three days. 1. Pius, by nation an Italian, whose father was Rufinus, brother of Pastor, of the city of Aquileia, sat for nineteen years, four months, and three days.
He lived in the times of Antoninus Pius, from the consulship of Clarus and Severus (146). 2. Under his episcopate Hermas wrote a book, in which is contained the command which the angel of the Lord enjoined upon him, when he came to him in the guise of a shepherd; and he commanded him that Easter should be celebrated on the Lord's Day. 3. He appointed that a heretic coming from the heresy of the Jews should be received and baptized; and he made an enactment concerning the church. 5. He held five ordinations in the month of December: nineteen presbyters, twenty-one deacons; bishops in various places to the number of twelve. He too was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the fifth day before the Ides of July. And the episcopate was vacant for fourteen days.
4. At the request of the blessed Praxedis he dedicated a church, the Baths of Novatus, in the Patrician Quarter, in honour of her sister Saint Potentiana, where he also offered many gifts; and where, often offering sacrifice to the Lord, he ministered. Moreover he had a baptismal font built, blessed and consecrated with his own hands; and he baptized many who came to the faith, in the name of the Trinity. 1. Anicetus, by nation a Syrian, whose father was John, of the town of Humisa, sat for eleven years, four months, and three days. He lived in the times of Severus and Marcus, from the consulship of Gallicanus and Vetus (150) up to that of Praesens and Rufinus (153). 2. He appointed that the clergy should not nourish long hair, according to the precept of the apostle. He held five ordinations in the month [of December]:
nineteen presbyters, four deacons; bishops in various places to the number of nine. He too died a martyr and was buried in the cemetery of Callistus, on the twelfth day before the Kalends of May. And the episcopate was vacant for seventeen days. 1. Soter, by nation a Campanian, whose father was Concordius, of the city of Fundi, sat for nine years, six months, and twenty-one days. He lived in the times of Severus, from the consulship of Rusticus and Aquilinus (162) up to that of Cethegus and Clarus (170). 2. He appointed that no monk should touch the consecrated pall, nor place incense in the holy church. 3. He held three ordinations in the month of December: eighteen presbyters, nine deacons; bishops in various places to the number of eleven. He too was buried in the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way, on the tenth day before the Kalends of May.
And the episcopate was vacant for twenty-one days. 1. Eleutherius, by nation a Greek, whose father was Habundius, of the town of Nicopolis, sat for fifteen years, three months, and two days. He lived in the times of Antoninus and Commodus, up to the consulship of Paternus and Bradua (185). 2. He received a letter from Lucius, a British king, that he might be made a Christian by his mandate. And this also he confirmed: that no food should be rejected by Christians, especially by the faithful, which God has created, and which is rational and human (fit for human use). 3. He held three ordinations in the month of December: twelve presbyters, eight deacons; bishops in various places to the number of fifteen. He too was buried beside the body of blessed Peter, in the Vatican, on the ninth day before the Kalends of June. And the episcopate was vacant for fifteen days.
1. Victor, by nation an African, whose father was Felix, sat for ten years, two months, and ten days. He lived in the times of Caesar, from the consulship of Commodus (his second) and Glabrio (186) up to that of Lateranus and Rufinus (197). 2. He appointed that holy Easter should be celebrated on the Lord's Day, as Eleutherius had done. He drew up the following clergy lists. He is crowned with martyrdom. And he appointed that, when necessity compelled, wherever a person was found — whether in a river, or in the sea, or in springs — provided only that the Christian confession of faith were clearly made, whosoever of men coming from the Gentiles should be baptized. 4. He held two ordinations in the month of December: four presbyters, seven deacons; bishops in various places, twelve.
3. He made an enactment, at the questioning of the priests concerning the cycle of Easter [that it should be on the Lord's Day of Easter], a conference having been held with the presbyters and bishops, and Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, having been summoned; a gathering being held, that from the fourteenth moon of the first month up to the twenty-first, on the Lord's Day, holy Easter should be observed. He was buried beside the body of the blessed apostle Peter, in the Vatican, on the fifth day before the Kalends of August. And the episcopate was vacant for twelve days. 1. Zephyrinus, by nation a Roman, whose father was Habundius, sat for eight years, seven months, and ten days. He lived in the times of Antoninus and Severus, from the consulship of Saturninus and Gallicanus (198) up to the consulship of Praesens and Extricatus (217).
2. He appointed that all clerics and faithful laymen should be present, whether a cleric, or a levite (deacon), or a priest were being ordained. And he made an enactment concerning the church: that glass patens be set before the priests in the church, and ministers supporting them, until the bishop should celebrate the masses, with the priests standing before him, that thus the masses might be celebrated; except that, as far as the bishop's own right is concerned, the clergy should bear all things in the presence of those present; from that consecration, from the hand of the bishop, the presbyter should now receive the consecrated host to be handed to the people. 3. He held four ordinations in the month of December: fourteen presbyters, seven deacons; bishops in various places to the number of thirteen.
He too was buried in his own cemetery, beside the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way, on the eighth day before the Kalends of September. And the episcopate was vacant for six days. 1. Callistus, by nation a Roman, whose father was Domitius, of the region of the Ravennants' Quarter, sat for six years, two months, and ten days. He lived in the times of Macrinus and Elagabalus, from the consulship of Antoninus (218) to that of Alexander (222). He is crowned with martyrdom. 2. He appointed that the fast on the Sabbath day be kept three times a year — of grain, of wine, and of oil — according to the prophecy. He built a basilica across the Tiber. 3. He held five ordinations in the month of December: sixteen presbyters, four deacons; bishops in various places to the number of eight. 4. He too was buried in the cemetery of Calepodius, on the Aurelian Way, at the third milestone, on the day before the Ides of October.
He made another cemetery on the Appian Way, where many priests and martyrs rest, which is called even to this present day the cemetery of Callistus. And the episcopate was vacant for sixteen days. 1. Urban, by nation a Roman, whose father was Pontianus, sat for four years, ten months, and twelve days. 2. He had all the sacred vessels made of silver, and placed twenty-five silver patens. 3. He was also a notable confessor in the times of Diocletian. By his teaching he converted many to baptism and to the faith, including even Valerian, a most noble man, the betrothed of Saint Cecilia, whom he also led on to the palm of martyrdom; and through his admonitions many were crowned with martyrdom. 4. He held five ordinations in the month of December: nineteen presbyters, seven deacons;
bishops in various places to the number of eight. He too was buried in the cemetery of Praetextatus, on the Appian Way — he whom the blessed Tiburtius buried — on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of June. And the episcopate was vacant for thirty days. 1. Pontianus, by nation a Roman, whose father was Calpurnius, sat for nine years, five months, and two days. He is crowned with martyrdom. He lived in the times of Alexander, from the consulship of Pompeianus and Pelignianus (231). 2. At the same time the bishop Pontianus and the presbyter Hippolytus were deported into exile by Alexander, to the island of Sardinia, to Bucina, in the consulship of Severus and Quintianus (235). On that same island, afflicted and worn out with cudgels, he died on the third day before the Kalends of November, and in his place Anteros was ordained on the eleventh day before the Kalends of December. 3. He held two ordinations in the month [of December]:
six presbyters, five deacons; bishops in various places to the number of six. The blessed Fabian brought him back by ship with the clergy, and buried him in the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way. And the episcopate was vacant for ten days. 1. Anteros, by nation a Greek, whose father was Romulus, sat for twelve years, one month, and twelve days. He is crowned with martyrdom in the times of Maximinus and Africanus, consuls (236). 2. He diligently sought out the deeds of the martyrs from the notaries, and laid them up in the church, on account of a certain Maximinus the presbyter who was crowned with martyrdom. 3. He made one bishop in the city of Fundi in Campania, in the month of December. He too was buried in the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way, on the third day before the Nones of January. And the episcopate was vacant for thirteen days.
1. Fabian, by nation a Roman, whose father was Fabius, sat for fourteen years, eleven months, and eleven days. He is crowned with martyrdom. He lived in the times of Maximus and Africanus (236) up to that of Decius (his second) and Quadratus (250), and he suffered on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of February. 2. He divided the regions among the deacons, and made seven subdeacons who should oversee the seven notaries, that they might faithfully collect the deeds of the martyrs in full; and he ordered that many structures be built throughout the cemeteries. 3. And after his passion the presbyters Moses and Maximus, and the deacon Nicostratus, were seized and cast into prison. 4. At the same time Novatus came over from Africa and separated from the church Novatian and certain confessors, after Moses had died in prison, having been there for eleven months;
and thus many Christians fled. 5. He held five ordinations in the month of December: twenty-two presbyters, seven deacons; bishops in various places, eleven. He too was buried in the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way, on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of February. And the episcopate was vacant for seven days. 1. Cornelius, by nation a Roman, whose father was Castinus, sat for two years, two months, and three days. He is crowned with martyrdom. 2. Under his episcopate Novatus ordained Novatian outside the church, and Nicostratus in Africa. This being done, the confessors who had separated themselves from Cornelius, together with the presbyter Maximus who had been with Moses, returned to the church and became faithful confessors.
3. After this Cornelius the bishop was driven out to Centumcellae, and there he received a letter sent to him concerning his confirmation, from Cyprian — which Cyprian wrote in prison — and concerning Celerinus the lector. 3. In his times, at the request of a certain matron named Lucina, he raised up by night the bodies of the apostles, blessed Peter and Paul, from the Catacombs: first indeed the body of blessed Paul, which the blessed Lucina received and laid in her own estate, on the Ostian Way, near the place where he was beheaded; the body of blessed Peter the blessed bishop Cornelius received and laid near the place where he was crucified, among the bodies of the holy bishops, in the temple of Apollo, on the Golden Mount, in the Vatican of the palace of Nero, on the third day before the Kalends of July. 5. After this he walked by night to Centumcellae.
At the same time Decius heard that he had received a letter from the blessed Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. He sent to Centumcellae and produced the blessed bishop Cornelius, whom however he ordered to be presented to him at Tellus, by night, before the temple of Pallas. He thus assails him, saying: « Have you so determined, that you regard neither the gods, nor the precepts of your forefathers, nor fear our threats, so as to receive and dispatch letters against the commonwealth? » Bishop Cornelius answered, saying: « I received letters concerning the crown of the Lord, not against the commonwealth, but rather for the redeeming of souls. » 6. Then Decius, full of wrath, ordered the mouth of blessed Cornelius to be beaten with leaded scourges, and commanded that he be led to the temple of Mars to worship;
and if he would not do it, he said he should be beheaded. And this indeed was done. He too was beheaded in the aforesaid place and was made a martyr. His body the blessed Lucina collected by night and buried in a crypt beside the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way, on her own estate, on the eighteenth day before the Kalends of October. 7. And the episcopate was vacant for sixty-six days. 1. Lucius, by nation a Roman, whose father was Porphyrius, sat for three years, three months, and three days. He is crowned with martyrdom. He lived in the times of Gallus and Volusianus (252) up to that of Valerian (his third) and Gallicanus (255). 2. He was in exile; afterwards by the will of God he returned unharmed to the church. 3. He commanded that two presbyters and three deacons should in every place not forsake the bishop, for the sake of ecclesiastical testimony.
He too was beheaded by Valerian on the third day before the Nones of March. 4. He gave power over all the church to his archdeacon Stephen, while he was going to his passion. 5. He held two ordinations in the month of December: four presbyters, four deacons; bishops in various places to the number of seven. He too was buried in the cemetery of Callistus, on the Appian Way, on the eighth day before the Kalends of September. And the episcopate was vacant for thirty-five days. 1. Stephen, by nation a Roman, whose father was Jovius, sat for seven years, five months, and two days. He is crowned with martyrdom. He lived in the times of Valerian and Gallienus and Maximus, up to the time of Valerian (his third) and Gallienus (his second) (255). 3. He appointed for priests and levites that they should not use the consecrated vestments in daily use, except in church.
He held two ordinations in the month of December: six presbyters, five deacons; and bishops in various places to the number of three. He was also buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way, on the fourth day before the Nones of August. And the episcopate was vacant for twenty-two days. In his times he was deported into exile, but afterward, by the will of God, he returned to the church unharmed. And after thirty-four days, seized by Maximian, he was sent to prison together with nine presbyters and two bishops, Honorius and Castus, and three deacons, Xystus, Dionysius, and Gaius. There in the prison, at the Arch of the Star, he held a synod, and he gave into the power of his archdeacon Xystus all the vessels of the church and the chest of money; and after six days, going forth under guard, he himself was beheaded.
Xystus, Greek by nation, formerly a philosopher, occupied the see one year, ten months, and twenty-three days. He was crowned with martyrdom. He lived in the times of Valerian and Decius, at which time there was a very great persecution. At the same time he was arrested by Valerian and brought forward to sacrifice to demons. He despised the commands of Valerian; he was beheaded, and with him six other deacons: Felicissimus and Agapitus, Januarius, Magnus, Vincentius, and Stephanus, on the eighth day before the Ides of August. And presbyters governed from the consulship of Maximus and Glabrio, the second time (255), until that of Tuscus and Bassus (258), from the consulship of Tuscus and Bassus until the thirteenth day before the Kalends of August, at which time a most savage persecution pressed hard under Decius.
And after the passion of the blessed Xystus, on the third day after, there suffered the blessed Laurentius his archdeacon, on the fourth day before the Ides of August, and the subdeacon Claudius and the presbyter Severus and the lector Crescentius and the doorkeeper Romanus. He held two ordinations in the month of December: four presbyters, seven deacons; bishops in various places, two. He was indeed buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way; while the six deacons mentioned above were buried in the cemetery of Praetextatus on the Appian Way; and the blessed Laurentius aforesaid in the cemetery of Cyriaca, in the Verano field, in a crypt, with other martyrs. And the episcopate was vacant for thirty-five days. Dionysius, formerly a monk, whose lineage we have not been able to discover, occupied the see six years, two months, and four days.
He lived in the times of Gallienus, from the eleventh day before the Kalends of August in the consulship of Aemilianus and Bassus (259) until the seventh day before the Kalends of January, from the consulship of Claudius and Paternus (269). He gave churches to presbyters and established cemeteries and the parishes of the diocese. He held two ordinations in the month of December: twelve presbyters, six deacons; seven bishops in various places, to the number of eight. He too was buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way, on the sixth day before the Kalends of January. And the episcopate was vacant for five days. Felix, Roman by nation, son of Constantius, occupied the see four years, three months, and twenty-five days. He was crowned with martyrdom. He lived in the times of Claudius and Aurelian, from the consulship of Claudius and Paternus (269) until the consulship of Aurelian and Capitulinus (274).
He decreed that Masses should be celebrated over the memorials of the martyrs. He held two ordinations in the month of December: nine presbyters, five deacons; bishops in various places, to the number of five. He built a basilica on the Aurelian Way, where he was also buried, on the third day before the Kalends of June, at the second milestone from the city of Rome. And the episcopate was vacant for five days. Eutychianus, Tuscan by nation, son of Marinus, occupied the see one year, one month, and one day. He lived in the times of Aurelian, from the consulship of Aurelian (his third) and Marcellinus (275) until the Ides of December in the consulship of Carus (his second) and Carinus (283). He decreed that of the fruits, only beans and grapes should be blessed upon the altar. In his own times he buried with his own hands three hundred and forty-two martyrs in various places.